Product

Tillamook Cookies And Cream Ice Cream, 48fl-oz

Tillamook

Ice Cream & Frozen Desserts

30 ingredients on the label

Barcode: 072830081054

All ingredients (30)

CREAMThe body digests cream's milk fat as a dietary fat, and the brief contains no body-system risk finding specific to cream itself. The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius defines cream as a fluid milk product rich in fat, and the brief does not include an ADI or specific regulator-set limit for cream as an ingredient.
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The body digests cream's milk fat as a dietary fat, and the brief contains no body-system risk finding specific to cream itself. The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius defines cream as a fluid milk product rich in fat, and the brief does not include an ADI or specific regulator-set limit for cream as an ingredient.
- CODEX STANDARD FOR CREAM AND PREPARED CREAMS - FAO / Codex Alimentarius
SKIM MILKSkim milk supplies protein, calcium, lactose, and other nutrients that the gut digests and the body uses for bone and general nutrition, and people with lactose intolerance lack the lactase enzyme needed to break lactose down. The FAO notes that skimmed milk does not contain essential fatty acids or fat-soluble vitamins, and the EFSA sets tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D rather than a specific ADI for skim milk itself.
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Skim milk supplies protein, calcium, lactose, and other nutrients that the gut digests and the body uses for bone and general nutrition, and people with lactose intolerance lack the lactase enzyme needed to break lactose down. The FAO notes that skimmed milk does not contain essential fatty acids or fat-soluble vitamins, and the EFSA sets tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D rather than a specific ADI for skim milk itself.
MILKMilk supplies protein, calcium, vitamin D, and lactose, which the gut digests and the body uses for bone and metabolic functions, while people with lactose maldigestion may have gut symptoms. The EFSA has evaluated raw drinking milk microbial hazards and UV-treated milk as a novel food, and FSANZ reviewed raw milk health claims; no ADI applies to milk as a food.
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Milk supplies protein, calcium, vitamin D, and lactose, which the gut digests and the body uses for bone and metabolic functions, while people with lactose maldigestion may have gut symptoms. The EFSA has evaluated raw drinking milk microbial hazards and UV-treated milk as a novel food, and FSANZ reviewed raw milk health claims; no ADI applies to milk as a food.
- Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans - Nutrition & Metabolism
- Dairy Consumption and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies - Current Nutrition Reports
- Consumption of Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review - Nutrients
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of lactose digestion, its impact on intolerance and nutritional effects of dairy food restriction in inflammatory bowel diseases - Nutrition Journal
- Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk - EFSA Journal
- Milk Consumption and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Nutrients
- Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence - Food & Nutrition Research
SUGARThe body breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine, and excess sugar is stored as fat, which can build up over time. The EFSA reviewed dietary sugars and could not set a tolerable upper intake level for added sugars in 2010, while the FDA sets a Daily Value of 50 grams of added sugars per day on a 2,000-calorie diet.
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The body breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine, and excess sugar is stored as fat, which can build up over time. The EFSA reviewed dietary sugars and could not set a tolerable upper intake level for added sugars in 2010, while the FDA sets a Daily Value of 50 grams of added sugars per day on a 2,000-calorie diet.
- Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA - EFSA
- Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review - The BMJ
- Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Incident Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies - Journal of the American Heart Association
- Metabolism and Health Impacts of Dietary Sugars - Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
ENRICHED FLOURFolic acid is needed for DNA synthesis and cell division, and the iron, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin in the flour are used for energy metabolism and red blood cell formation. The EFSA set a safe level of intake for iron of 40 mg/day for adults, and the Food Safety Commission of Japan and the WHO both publish guidance on fortification of flour.
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Folic acid is needed for DNA synthesis and cell division, and the iron, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin in the flour are used for energy metabolism and red blood cell formation. The EFSA set a safe level of intake for iron of 40 mg/day for adults, and the Food Safety Commission of Japan and the WHO both publish guidance on fortification of flour.
- Dietary reference values | EFSA - EFSA
- Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes - PMC - Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
WHEAT FLOURThe body breaks wheat flour's starch and protein down in the gut, and wheat components can trigger adverse reactions in some people, per a peer-reviewed review of wheat adverse reactions (Brouns, 2019). The Codex Alimentarius Commission's wheat flour standard (CXS 152-1985) sets the composition and contaminant rules for flour, and the EFSA has reviewed mycotoxin and process-contaminant levels in wheat-based bread, which is relevant to flour.
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The body breaks wheat flour's starch and protein down in the gut, and wheat components can trigger adverse reactions in some people, per a peer-reviewed review of wheat adverse reactions (Brouns, 2019). The Codex Alimentarius Commission's wheat flour standard (CXS 152-1985) sets the composition and contaminant rules for flour, and the EFSA has reviewed mycotoxin and process-contaminant levels in wheat-based bread, which is relevant to flour.
- Adverse Reactions to Wheat or Wheat Components - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
- Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Foods (MDPI)
NIACINThe body converts niacin into the coenzymes NAD and NADP, which drive redox reactions in energy metabolism, and the liver mainly processes nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The SCF (the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food) set a tolerable upper intake level for niacin, with a UL of 10 mg/day for nicotinic acid and 900 mg/day for nicotinamide per the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summary of EFSA values.
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The body converts niacin into the coenzymes NAD and NADP, which drive redox reactions in energy metabolism, and the liver mainly processes nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The SCF (the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food) set a tolerable upper intake level for niacin, with a UL of 10 mg/day for nicotinic acid and 900 mg/day for nicotinamide per the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summary of EFSA values.
- Niacin - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf - LiverTox (NCBI Bookshelf)
- Niacin Toxicity - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
- The intake of nicotinic acid in excessive dosage can have damaging health effects - BfR opinion No. 018/2012, 6 February 2012 - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
- The adverse effects of oral niacin/nicotinamide - an overview of reviews | Eye - Eye (Nature)
- Cardiovascular safety of vitamin B3 administration | Nature Medicine - Nature Medicine
- The effect of niacin on inflammatory markers and adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies - European Journal of Nutrition
REDUCED IRONThe body absorbs iron through the gut and uses it for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and myoglobin, with surplus iron stored in the liver and no pathway for excretion. The EFSA set a safe level of intake of 40 mg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, and the JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.8 mg/kg bw for iron from all sources.
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The body absorbs iron through the gut and uses it for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and myoglobin, with surplus iron stored in the liver and no pathway for excretion. The EFSA set a safe level of intake of 40 mg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, and the JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.8 mg/kg bw for iron from all sources.
- Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for iron | EFSA - EFSA
- Dietary reference values | EFSA - EFSA
- NORDIC NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS 2023 - Nordic Council of Ministers
- Iron intake and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition: Vol 63 , No 16 - Get Access - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
THIAMIN MONONITRATEThiamine acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and ingested thiamine is well absorbed, with absorption falling at doses of 5 mg per day or more. The EFSA reviewed thiamine mononitrate as a feed additive and found it safe for target animals and consumers, and the SCF did not identify a risk of adverse health effects at total population intakes.
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Thiamine acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and ingested thiamine is well absorbed, with absorption falling at doses of 5 mg per day or more. The EFSA reviewed thiamine mononitrate as a feed additive and found it safe for target animals and consumers, and the SCF did not identify a risk of adverse health effects at total population intakes.
- Thiamin (Vitamin B1) – A scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 - Food & Nutrition Research
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf
- Wernicke's encephalopathy — from basic science to clinical practice. Part 1: Understanding the role of thiamine - Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
- Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin B1 - European Commission SCF
- Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin B1 (thiamine mononitrate and thiamine hydrochloride) as a feed additive for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by DSM Nutritional Products - EFSA Journal
- Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin B1 (thiamine mononitrate and thiamine hydrochloride) as a feed additive for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Lohmann Animal Health - EFSA Journal
RIBOFLAVINRiboflavin is converted into the coenzymes FMN and FAD, which drive energy metabolism and many flavoprotein enzyme reactions across the body. The EFSA set an adequate intake (PRI) of 1.6 mg/day for adults, and the JECFA group ADI is "not specified" after its 2021 evaluation.
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Riboflavin is converted into the coenzymes FMN and FAD, which drive energy metabolism and many flavoprotein enzyme reactions across the body. The EFSA set an adequate intake (PRI) of 1.6 mg/day for adults, and the JECFA group ADI is "not specified" after its 2021 evaluation.
- NORDIC NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS 2023 - Nordic Council of Ministers
- Riboflavin - Health Professional Fact Sheet - NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
- Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of riboflavin (E 101(i)) and riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium (E 101(ii)) as food additives - EFSA Journal
- Maximum levels for the addition of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and pantothenic acid to foods including food supplements - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
FOLIC ACIDAfter swallowing, the gut converts folic acid into active folate forms through the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which the body needs for DNA building and red blood cell formation. The EFSA retained a tolerable upper intake level of 1000 µg/day (1 mg) for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, set to avoid masking cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency.
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After swallowing, the gut converts folic acid into active folate forms through the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which the body needs for DNA building and red blood cell formation. The EFSA retained a tolerable upper intake level of 1000 µg/day (1 mg) for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, set to avoid masking cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency.
- Fortification, folate and vitamin B12 balance, and the nervous system. Is folic acid excess potentially harmful? - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for folate - EFSA
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level of folate - European Commission Scientific Committee on Food
- Unmetabolized Folic Acid: Biology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Consequences: A Systematic Review - Nutrients
- Folate - Health Professional Fact Sheet - NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
PASTEURIZED EGG YOLKSThe body absorbs the yolk's fats, protein, and micronutrients, and dietary cholesterol from yolk raises fasting LDL cholesterol by about 10% on average with wide individual variation, per peer-reviewed reviews. Regulatory reviews of egg products, including FSANZ's risk assessment, rate chemical hazards in eggs as low and identify Salmonella as the main microbial concern, and the FSANZ does not set a numeric ADI for yolk.
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The body absorbs the yolk's fats, protein, and micronutrients, and dietary cholesterol from yolk raises fasting LDL cholesterol by about 10% on average with wide individual variation, per peer-reviewed reviews. Regulatory reviews of egg products, including FSANZ's risk assessment, rate chemical hazards in eggs as low and identify Salmonella as the main microbial concern, and the FSANZ does not set a numeric ADI for yolk.
- Cardiovascular Harm From Egg Yolk and Meat: More Than Just Cholesterol and Saturated Fat - Journal of the American Heart Association
- Egg consumption and health effects: A narrative review - Journal of Food Science
- Allergenicity of pasteurized whole raw Hen's egg compared with fresh whole raw Hen's egg. - Europe PMC
- Public health and safety of eggs and egg products in Australia - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- What You Need to Know About Egg Safety | FDA - U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- The Golden Egg: Nutritional Value, Bioactivities, and Emerging Benefits for Human Health - Nutrients
WATERWater is absorbed and used throughout the body for hydration, and dissolved minerals and contaminants in it are handled by the gut, kidneys, and other organs according to their chemistry. The WHO sets guideline values for chemical contaminants in drinking water based on health concern, and the ANSES sets quality limits for around 40 chemicals or chemical classes in drinking water in France.
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Water is absorbed and used throughout the body for hydration, and dissolved minerals and contaminants in it are handled by the gut, kidneys, and other organs according to their chemistry. The WHO sets guideline values for chemical contaminants in drinking water based on health concern, and the ANSES sets quality limits for around 40 chemicals or chemical classes in drinking water in France.
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure | EFSA - European Food Safety Authority
- Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis - Environmental Health Perspectives
- Adverse health outcomes associated with drinking highly saline water: a systematic review - European Journal of Epidemiology
PALM OILPalm oil is digested as a fat, and its high palmitic acid content is linked in peer-reviewed reviews to raised LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk markers. EFSA reviewed the process contaminants glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD, set a tolerable daily intake of 0.8 µg/kg body weight per day for 3-MCPD, and found that GE cannot have a safe level because glycidol is genotoxic and carcinogenic.
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Palm oil is digested as a fat, and its high palmitic acid content is linked in peer-reviewed reviews to raised LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk markers. EFSA reviewed the process contaminants glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD, set a tolerable daily intake of 0.8 µg/kg body weight per day for 3-MCPD, and found that GE cannot have a safe level because glycidol is genotoxic and carcinogenic.
COCOA (PROCESSED WITH ALKALI)Alkalization lowers cocoa's pH and phenolic content, and the reduced polyphenols are what the gut and blood vessels would otherwise process from cocoa.
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Alkalization lowers cocoa's pH and phenolic content, and the reduced polyphenols are what the gut and blood vessels would otherwise process from cocoa.
- Document - European Commission (DG Health and Food Safety)
- Changes in cocoa properties induced by the alkalization process: A review - Valverde García - 2020 - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety - Wiley Online Library - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
SOYBEAN OILThe body absorbs soybean oil's linoleic acid, which becomes part of cell membranes and platelets, and changes in platelet fatty acid profile have been reported to slightly inhibit platelet clotting signals. The FDA reviewed soybean oil for a qualified health claim on coronary heart disease risk, and the WHO JECFA lists a thermally oxidized soybean oil ADI of 0-3 mg/kg body weight.
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The body absorbs soybean oil's linoleic acid, which becomes part of cell membranes and platelets, and changes in platelet fatty acid profile have been reported to slightly inhibit platelet clotting signals. The FDA reviewed soybean oil for a qualified health claim on coronary heart disease risk, and the WHO JECFA lists a thermally oxidized soybean oil ADI of 0-3 mg/kg body weight.
- Linoleic acid–good or bad for the brain? - npj Science of Food
- FOOD USE AND HEALTH-EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN AND SUNFLOWER OILS - Journal of the American College of Nutrition (via HERO/EPA)
PALM and PALM KERNEL OILPalm and palm kernel oils are saturated fats that raise LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and in refined oils, heat-formed 3-MCPD esters are absorbed and processed in the kidney and male reproductive system. The EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 2.0 µg/kg bw for 3-MCPD (EFSA 2017 revision), while the JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 4 µg/kg bw.
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Palm and palm kernel oils are saturated fats that raise LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and in refined oils, heat-formed 3-MCPD esters are absorbed and processed in the kidney and male reproductive system. The EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 2.0 µg/kg bw for 3-MCPD (EFSA 2017 revision), while the JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 4 µg/kg bw.
VANILLA EXTRACTThe body breaks down vanillin and related vanilla compounds, and peer-reviewed research links vanilla and vanillin to type IV hypersensitivity reactions such as itching rash and swelling in sensitive people. The FDA lists vanilla extract as a food substance under 21 CFR 182.20, and JECFA sets an ADI of 0-10 mg/kg bw for vanillin.
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The body breaks down vanillin and related vanilla compounds, and peer-reviewed research links vanilla and vanillin to type IV hypersensitivity reactions such as itching rash and swelling in sensitive people. The FDA lists vanilla extract as a food substance under 21 CFR 182.20, and JECFA sets an ADI of 0-10 mg/kg bw for vanillin.
- Vanilla and Vanillin as Probable Causes of Hypersensitivity Reactions and Vaping Cytotoxicity - Current Issues in Molecular Biology
- Coumarin in Cinnamon-Containing Foods and Vanilla Extracts - April 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015 - Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- Safety Assessment of Vanilla-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- Post Meeting Announcement - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems - Pharmacology & Therapeutics
INVERT SUGARThe body breaks invert sugar into glucose and fructose, which are absorbed in the gut and used for energy, so its effect on blood sugar follows that of ordinary sugars.
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The body breaks invert sugar into glucose and fructose, which are absorbed in the gut and used for energy, so its effect on blood sugar follows that of ordinary sugars.
- Evaluation of Oral Toxicity of Palatinose/Fructooligosaccharide and Palatinose/Invert Sugar in Sprague–Dawley Rats - Current Issues in Molecular Biology
- Food sweeteners: Angels or clowns for human health? - Current Research in Food Science
- Impact of artificial sweeteners and rare sugars on the gut microbiome - PubMed - Food Science and Biotechnology
SOY LECITHINThe body takes up lecithin's phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, and uses them as building blocks for cell membranes, with the gut microbiota also shifting in response to lecithin in lab models. The JECFA (FAO/WHO) set an ADI "not limited" for lecithin, and the EFSA re-evaluated lecithins (E 322) as a food additive in 2017.
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The body takes up lecithin's phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, and uses them as building blocks for cell membranes, with the gut microbiota also shifting in response to lecithin in lab models. The JECFA (FAO/WHO) set an ADI "not limited" for lecithin, and the EFSA re-evaluated lecithins (E 322) as a food additive in 2017.
- Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota - Microbiome
- Common dietary emulsifiers promote metabolic disorders and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in mice - Communications Biology
- Lecithinum ex soya - herbal medicinal product - European Medicines Agency
- Safety and efficacy of lecithins for all animal species - EFSA Journal
SALTThe kidneys regulate sodium levels by filtering fluid, while excess sodium draws water into blood vessels to increase circulating volume. The EFSA identified an intake of 2.0 grams of sodium per day as safe and adequate for the general adult population.
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The kidneys regulate sodium levels by filtering fluid, while excess sodium draws water into blood vessels to increase circulating volume. The EFSA identified an intake of 2.0 grams of sodium per day as safe and adequate for the general adult population.
- Dietary Reference Values for sodium - European Food Safety Authority
- EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium - European Food Safety Authority
- Impact of sodium intake on blood pressure, mortality and major cardiovascular events: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition: Vol 65 , No 28 - Get Access - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- The impact of excessive salt intake on human health | Nature Reviews Nephrology - Nature Reviews Nephrology
- Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. - Abstract - Europe PMC - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of Salt and Health Outcomes (August to November 2015) - Wong - 2016 - The Journal of Clinical Hypertension - Wiley Online Library - The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
BAKING SODASodium bicarbonate acts as a base that neutralizes stomach acid and helps buffer blood acid-base balance, so excess amounts can push the body toward metabolic alkalosis and shift sodium and potassium levels. The FAO/WHO JECFA set an ADI of "not limited" for sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the EFSA has reviewed its carbonate and bicarbonate salts for bone health claims.
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Sodium bicarbonate acts as a base that neutralizes stomach acid and helps buffer blood acid-base balance, so excess amounts can push the body toward metabolic alkalosis and shift sodium and potassium levels. The FAO/WHO JECFA set an ADI of "not limited" for sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the EFSA has reviewed its carbonate and bicarbonate salts for bone health claims.
- Severe metabolic alkalosis and hypernatremia induced by excessive sodium bicarbonate intake: A case report and literature review - Am J Emerg Med
- Sodium Bicarbonate Toxicity: An Unusual Yet Potential Cause of Severe Metabolic Alkalosis - Cureus
- Metabolic alkalosis-an adverse effect of baking soda misuse: A case report and literature review - Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
- Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy From Acute Baking Soda Ingestion - Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review - European Journal of Sport Science
- Safety Assessment of Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium Carbonate as Used in Cosmetics - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, and ... - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
CORNSTARCHStarch is broken down in the gut into glucose, and the body absorbs this sugar for energy, while undigested portions reach the colon and are fermented into short-chain fatty acids. The FAO/WHO JECFA reports that unmodified food starches are regarded as normal constituents of food and has not set an ADI as a numeric value for modified starches ("not specified").
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Starch is broken down in the gut into glucose, and the body absorbs this sugar for energy, while undigested portions reach the colon and are fermented into short-chain fatty acids. The FAO/WHO JECFA reports that unmodified food starches are regarded as normal constituents of food and has not set an ADI as a numeric value for modified starches ("not specified").
- Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tolerability of corn starch fiber, a novel dietary fiber, in two independent randomized, double-blind, crossover studies in healthy men and women - International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
- Propylene glycol toxicity in an adolescent secondary to chronic cornstarch ingestion - Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
- No evidence for propylene glycol toxicity due to amylophagia - Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
- In Support of "Propylene Glycol Toxicity in an Adolescent Secondary to Chronic Cornstarch Ingestion" - Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
GUAR GUMGuar gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids, which can cause bloating and abdominal discomfort at high intake. The EFSA concluded there is no need for a numerical ADI and no safety concern for the general population at refined exposure, and JECFA allocated an ADI "not specified".
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Guar gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids, which can cause bloating and abdominal discomfort at high intake. The EFSA concluded there is no need for a numerical ADI and no safety concern for the general population at refined exposure, and JECFA allocated an ADI "not specified".
- Re-evaluation of guar gum (E 412) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
- Authorised Regulated Food and Feed Products for Great Britain: Guar Gum - UK Food Standards / data.food.gov.uk
- Processed dietary fiber partially hydrolyzed guar gum increases susceptibility to colitis and colon tumorigenesis in mice - npj Science of Food
- Effectiveness of different gums on modulating of glycemic indices in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
- Effects of guar gum supplementation on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
- The effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials - British Journal of Nutrition
- Thickening agents used in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age - EFSA
TARA GUMTara gum is unlikely to be absorbed intact and is expected to be fermented by intestinal microbiota, so its main body interaction is in the gut. The EFSA concluded in its 2017 re-evaluation that no numerical ADI is needed for tara gum (E 417), and JECFA set its ADI as "not specified".
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Tara gum is unlikely to be absorbed intact and is expected to be fermented by intestinal microbiota, so its main body interaction is in the gut. The EFSA concluded in its 2017 re-evaluation that no numerical ADI is needed for tara gum (E 417), and JECFA set its ADI as "not specified".
- Re‐evaluation of tara gum (E 417) as a food additive - EFSA Journal via PMC
- Tara Flour - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf - NIDDK / NCBI
- Characterization of an Outbreak of Acute Liver Injury After Ingestion of Plant Based Food Supplement - Aliment Pharmacol Ther via PMC
- FDA declares tara flour unsafe—two years after outbreak - Center for Science in the Public Interest
NATURAL FLAVORMost flavouring substances are efficiently broken down in the body into metabolites that are more water-soluble and readily excreted, with the liver and kidneys handling conjugated products. JECFA concluded that most individual flavouring agents are efficiently detoxified to innocuous metabolites, and FEMA GRAS re-evaluations of natural flavor complexes containing allylalkoxybenzenes such as safrole and methyleugenol report that intake is below the thresholds of concern set by the FEMA Expert Panel.
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Most flavouring substances are efficiently broken down in the body into metabolites that are more water-soluble and readily excreted, with the liver and kidneys handling conjugated products. JECFA concluded that most individual flavouring agents are efficiently detoxified to innocuous metabolites, and FEMA GRAS re-evaluations of natural flavor complexes containing allylalkoxybenzenes such as safrole and methyleugenol report that intake is below the thresholds of concern set by the FEMA Expert Panel.
- Myristicin and Elemicin: Potentially Toxic Alkenylbenzenes in Food - Foods (MDPI)
- FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. - Europe PMC
- THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF NATURAL FLAVOURING COMPLEXES (JECFA 52, 2004) - JECFA / WHO
- Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour - NPJ Science of Food
- Foods and food supplements containing soy: health aspects - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
CITRIC ACIDThe body breaks citric acid down through the citric acid cycle, the same energy pathway used for normal metabolism, so it is handled as a normal metabolite in the gut and the rest of the body. The JECFA set the ADI as "not limited" (1973 evaluation), and the EFSA's 2015 opinion on animal feed found the additive safe for consumers at proposed feed conditions.
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The body breaks citric acid down through the citric acid cycle, the same energy pathway used for normal metabolism, so it is handled as a normal metabolite in the gut and the rest of the body. The JECFA set the ADI as "not limited" (1973 evaluation), and the EFSA's 2015 opinion on animal feed found the additive safe for consumers at proposed feed conditions.
ANNATTOOnce swallowed, bixin and norbixin are not stored in body tissues in rat studies, and the pigments are handled mainly as coloured compounds by the gut and liver. The EFSA set an ADI of 6 mg bixin/kg body weight per day and 0.3 mg norbixin/kg body weight per day, and the JECFA set group ADIs of 0–12 mg/kg bw for bixin and 0–0.6 mg/kg bw for norbixin.
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Once swallowed, bixin and norbixin are not stored in body tissues in rat studies, and the pigments are handled mainly as coloured compounds by the gut and liver. The EFSA set an ADI of 6 mg bixin/kg body weight per day and 0.3 mg norbixin/kg body weight per day, and the JECFA set group ADIs of 0–12 mg/kg bw for bixin and 0–0.6 mg/kg bw for norbixin.
XANTHAN GUMXanthan gum is not absorbed intact and passes to the colon, where gut microbes ferment it, with some Ruminococcaceae bacteria able to break its backbone. The EFSA re-evaluated it in 2017 and concluded no numerical ADI is needed, while JECFA set no specific ADI (ADI "not specified").
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Xanthan gum is not absorbed intact and passes to the colon, where gut microbes ferment it, with some Ruminococcaceae bacteria able to break its backbone. The EFSA re-evaluated it in 2017 and concluded no numerical ADI is needed, while JECFA set no specific ADI (ADI "not specified").
- Xanthan gum intake modifies the colon microbiota profile and causes mild colon inflammation in rats - PLOS One
- Mechanistic insights into consumption of the food additive xanthan gum by the human gut microbiota - Nature Microbiology
- Re-evaluation of xanthan gum (E 415) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
- Thickening agents used in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age - EFSA
LOCUST BEAN GUMLocust bean gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria in humans. The EFSA set no numerical ADI for it ("not specified"), concluding there is no safety concern for the general population at reported food-additive uses, while JECFA also assigned an ADI "not specified".
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Locust bean gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria in humans. The EFSA set no numerical ADI for it ("not specified"), concluding there is no safety concern for the general population at reported food-additive uses, while JECFA also assigned an ADI "not specified".
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups - EFSA Journal
- Gastrointestinal Effects and Tolerance of Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption - Advances in Nutrition
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journal (PMC)
- CAROB BEAN GUM - WHO JECFA
- Fenugreek Is Superior to Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum and Tara Gum for Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review - Nutrients

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