Fanta Orange Soda Soft Drink, Bottle - 20 Fluid Ounce

Dissolved carbon dioxide is absorbed through the stomach lining and converted to bicarbonate in red blood cells, and peer-reviewed research links this to changes in glucose handling and gastric fullness. The FDA regulates carbonated water as a soft drink and bottled water under Current Good Manufacturing Practices, and no ADI is set for carbonated water itself.

• Damage from Carbonated Soft Drinks on Enamel: A Systematic Review - Nutrients
• Ingestion of carbonated water increases middle cerebral artery blood velocity and improves mood states in resting humans exposed to ambient heat stress - Physiology & Behavior
• Systematic Review of the Effects of Sparkling Water Consumption on Blood Pressure - Current Nutrition Reports
• Can carbonated water support weight loss? - BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
• Carbonated Beverage, Fruit Drink, and Water Consumption and Risk of Acute Stroke: the INTERSTROKE Case-Control Study - Journal of Stroke

Once swallowed, the body breaks down HFCS's free glucose and fructose, and fructose is processed mainly by the liver, where high intakes can raise liver fat and insulin resistance in short studies. The FDA affirmed HFCS as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under 21 CFR 184.1866, while the EFSA has not set a specific ADI for HFCS and instead reviews added sugars as a group.

• Fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health: a systematic review and meta-analysis - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
• The impact of high fructose corn syrup on liver injury and glucose metabolism: a systematic review - Frontiers in Nutrition
• The effect of high-fructose corn syrup vs. sucrose on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Frontiers in Nutrition
• The effect of high-fructose corn syrup vs. sucrose on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Frontiers in Nutrition (via FAO AGRIS)
• Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA - European Food Safety Authority
• The Dose-Response Effects of Consuming High Fructose Corn Syrup-Sweetened Beverages on Hepatic Lipid Content and Insulin Sensitivity in Young Adults - Nutrients

The body breaks citric acid down through the citric acid cycle, the same energy pathway used for normal metabolism, so it is handled as a normal metabolite in the gut and the rest of the body. The JECFA set the ADI as "not limited" (1973 evaluation), and the EFSA's 2015 opinion on animal feed found the additive safe for consumers at proposed feed conditions.

• Food additive mixtures and type 2 diabetes incidence: Results from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort - PLOS Medicine
• Associations between preservative food additives and type 2 diabetes incidence in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort - Nature Communications
• Potential role of the common food additive manufactured citric acid in eliciting significant inflammatory reactions contributing to serious disease states: A series of four case reports - Toxicology Reports

The body converts benzoate mainly by pairing it with glycine in the liver and kidney to form hippurate, which is then cleared, so it can draw down glycine supply at high exposure. The EFSA re-evaluation (2016) found low short-term and subchronic toxicity and set no concern for genotoxicity, and JECFA set a group ADI of 0-20 mg/kg bw for benzoic acid and its salts expressed as benzoic acid equivalents (2021), while EFSA's ADI for sodium benzoate is 5 mg/kg bw/day.

• Safety assessment of three common food additives: the reproductive, oxidative and enzymatic perspective - Discover Toxicology
• Inhibition effect of food preservatives on endoproteinases - Food Chemistry
• Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
• Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review - Nutrients
• Cytogenotoxicity of food preservatives in mammalian cells: A systematic review - Genetics and Molecular Biology

Most flavouring substances are broken down by the body into metabolites that are typically more water-soluble and readily excreted, mainly through the liver and kidneys. The FEMA expert panel's 2023 review of natural flavor complexes containing allylalkoxybenzenes, cited by the FEMA Expert Panel, concluded that intake levels showed no safety concern for ordinary food use, while the EFSA sets flavouring evaluations under its Flavouring Group Evaluation program.

• FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. - Europe PMC / Food and Chemical Toxicology
• Myristicin and Elemicin: Potentially Toxic Alkenylbenzenes in Food - Foods (MDPI) / PubMed
• Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour - NPJ Science of Food
• Opinion of the SCF on Flavouring Group Evaluation 2 (Branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols, aldehydes and related esters of primary alcohols and straight-chain carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1 and 2) - European Commission Scientific Committee on Food

Digestive enzymes process digestible portions into glucose, while resistant fractions ferment in the gut into beneficial short-chain fatty acids. The EFSA evaluated these starches and concluded they pose no safety concern, deciding that an ADI is not required.

• Effects of resistant starch on the human gut microbiome and metabolites - Frontiers in Nutrition
• Gastrointestinal tolerance and fermentation of chemically modified starches - Frontiers in Nutrition
• Safety Assessment of Starch and Starch Derivatives as Used in Cosmetics - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
• What is MODIFIED STARCH - EWG Skin Deep - EWG Skin Deep

The body absorbs about 80–90% of phosphate as free orthophosphate, which is excreted via the kidney, and elevated serum phosphate is linked to vascular calcification and mineral-hormone changes. The EFSA set a group ADI of 40 mg/kg body weight per day expressed as phosphorus, and JECFA set a group MTDI of 70 mg/kg bw as phosphorus.

• Re-evaluation of phosphoric acid–phosphates - EFSA Journal - EFSA Journal
• EFSA issues new advice on phosphates - EFSA
• Intake of Phosphates: Babies, infants and children can exceed the health guidance values - BfR
• Industrial Use of Phosphate Food Additives: A Mechanism Linking Ultra-Processed Food Intake to Cardiorenal Disease Risk? - Nutrients

When swallowed, the gut enzymes break down very little of the material, allowing most of it to pass through without systemic absorption. The EFSA established an acceptable daily intake of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight.

• Glycerol Ester of Wood Rosin
• Follow-up on the evaluation of glycerol esters of wood rosin (E 445) as a food additive
• EWG Skin Deep: Glyceryl Rosinate
• Safety Assessment of Rosin and Rosin-Derived Ingredients
• The allergenicity of glycerol esters and other esters of rosin (colophony)
• Compendium of Food Additive Specifications: Glycerol Ester of Wood Rosin
• Glycerol Ester of Wood Rosin - Evaluation

Once swallowed, the dye is handled by the gut and its breakdown products are processed by the liver, and animal studies link it to effects on the testes and immune-linked allergic reactions in some people.

• Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence - Environmental Health (Springer Nature)
• EWG evaluation of food chemicals: Seven artificial dyes - Environmental Working Group
• Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
• Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of sunset yellow and brilliant blue, colorant food additives, on human blood lymphocytes - Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects - Foods (MDPI)

Red 40 can be reduced by gut bacteria into breakdown products, and in mice these bacterial reactions were linked to colon inflammation (colitis). The EFSA set an ADI of 7 mg/kg bw/day for Allura Red AC, while OEHHA reviewed neurobehavioral signals in children and concluded that current FDA-set intake levels may not sufficiently protect children.

• Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence - Environmental Health
• Food Dyes Health Effects Assessment OEHHA - California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
• Red Dye 40: Is it Safe? Side Effects and Food List - Cleveland Clinic
• Food colorants metabolized by commensal bacteria promote colitis in mice with dysregulated expression of interleukin-23 - Cell Metabolism