Product

Nature's Bakery Whole Wheat Apple Cinnamon Fig Bar

Nature's Bakery

Nutrition & Protein Bars

23 ingredients on the label

Barcode: 047495112559

All ingredients (23)

STONE GROUND WHOLE WHEAT FLOURWhole grain fiber slows digestion and feeds gut microbes, and mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol can reach the gut when present in the flour. The FDA issued advisory levels for deoxynivalenol in finished wheat products, and the EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. for zearalenone, a related mycotoxin.
Minimally processed
Whole grain fiber slows digestion and feeds gut microbes, and mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol can reach the gut when present in the flour. The FDA issued advisory levels for deoxynivalenol in finished wheat products, and the EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. for zearalenone, a related mycotoxin.
DRIED CANE SUGARThe body breaks cane sugar (sucrose) into glucose and fructose in the small intestine, and high intakes are linked to fat storage, fatty liver signals, and insulin changes. EFSA could not derive a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for added sugars in its 2010 review, and the BfR notes that regular excessive added sugar intake is considered detrimental to health.
Processed
The body breaks cane sugar (sucrose) into glucose and fructose in the small intestine, and high intakes are linked to fat storage, fatty liver signals, and insulin changes. EFSA could not derive a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for added sugars in its 2010 review, and the BfR notes that regular excessive added sugar intake is considered detrimental to health.
FIG PASTEFig paste delivers sugars, fiber and polyphenols that the gut digests and absorbs, and fig-derived phenolics have been studied for antioxidant activity in lab models. The FDA sets a fig-paste defect criterion of 13 or more insect heads per 100 grams in two or more subsamples, and fig paste with mold or insect contamination is treated as adulterated under U.S. law.
Processed
Fig paste delivers sugars, fiber and polyphenols that the gut digests and absorbs, and fig-derived phenolics have been studied for antioxidant activity in lab models. The FDA sets a fig-paste defect criterion of 13 or more insect heads per 100 grams in two or more subsamples, and fig paste with mold or insect contamination is treated as adulterated under U.S. law.
BROWN RICE SYRUPThe body absorbs inorganic arsenic that comes from rice-based foods, and the arsenic can affect skin, bladder, lung, and cardiovascular health over long-term intake.
Processed
The body absorbs inorganic arsenic that comes from rice-based foods, and the arsenic can affect skin, bladder, lung, and cardiovascular health over long-term intake.
- Arsenic - Food Safety - European Commission - European Commission
- Frequently asked questions on arsenic in rice and rice products - Updated BfR FAQ, 22 December 2020 - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
- Arsenic, organic foods, and brown rice syrup - HERO - EPA - EPA HERO / Environmental Health Perspectives
- The effect of high-fructose corn syrup vs. sucrose on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Frontiers in Nutrition
APPLE PASTEOnce swallowed, the sugars and apple fiber are digested in the gut, with the sugar portion raising blood glucose the way other free sugars do. The JECFA evaluated pectin and related food additives for safety, and the FAO/WHO Codex framework sets ADIs in mg per kg body weight.
Processed
Once swallowed, the sugars and apple fiber are digested in the gut, with the sugar portion raising blood glucose the way other free sugars do. The JECFA evaluated pectin and related food additives for safety, and the FAO/WHO Codex framework sets ADIs in mg per kg body weight.
- Effect of Sugar Substitution with Steviol Glycosides on Sensory Quality and Physicochemical Composition of Low-Sugar Apple Preserves - Foods (MDPI) / PMC
NATURALLY MILLED SUGARThe body breaks sugar down into glucose and fructose, which enter the blood and are processed largely by the liver. EFSA concluded that intakes of added and free sugars should be as low as possible and could not set a tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars.
Processed
The body breaks sugar down into glucose and fructose, which enter the blood and are processed largely by the liver. EFSA concluded that intakes of added and free sugars should be as low as possible and could not set a tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars.
- Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars - - 2022 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library - EFSA Journal
- Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA - EFSA
- Added and free sugars should be as low as possible | EFSA - EFSA
- Are natural sugar alternatives healthier? - Harvard Health
- The Effect of Unrefined Sugar on Inflammation: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies - Int J Prev Med
RICE STARCHDigestible rice starch is broken down into glucose in the gut, and its rate of breakdown shapes the blood sugar rise after a meal, with higher-amylose rice producing slower responses in clinical trials. The FDA lists rice starch as a food substance used as a stabilizer or thickener, and the WHO/FAO JECFA evaluated acid-treated starches as normal food constituents without a specified ADI.
Processed
Digestible rice starch is broken down into glucose in the gut, and its rate of breakdown shapes the blood sugar rise after a meal, with higher-amylose rice producing slower responses in clinical trials. The FDA lists rice starch as a food substance used as a stabilizer or thickener, and the WHO/FAO JECFA evaluated acid-treated starches as normal food constituents without a specified ADI.
- A systematic review of the influence of rice characteristics and processing methods on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses. - British Journal of Nutrition
- The Consumption of High-Amylose Rice and its Effect on Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels: A Literature Review - Nutrients
- Starches in Rice: Effects of Rice Variety and Processing/Cooking Methods on Their Glycemic Index - Foods
- Gastrointestinal responses following acute and medium term intake of retrograded resistant maltodextrins, classified as type 3 resistant starch - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Brown rice compared to white rice slows gastric emptying in humans - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- EWG Skin Deep® | What is ORYZA SATIVA (RICE) STARCH - EWG
APPLE POWDERApple peel is a source of polyphenols and fiber, and peer-reviewed research reports that apple peel supplementation has been studied for effects on lipid profile, glucose, and blood pressure mediators mainly in animal and in vitro work, with only one human study.
Processed
Apple peel is a source of polyphenols and fiber, and peer-reviewed research reports that apple peel supplementation has been studied for effects on lipid profile, glucose, and blood pressure mediators mainly in animal and in vitro work, with only one human study.
- A comprehensive analysis of the composition, health benefits, and safety of apple pomace - Nutrition Reviews
- Evaluation of exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and potential hydrogen cyanide release in commercially available foods among the Korean population. - Europe PMC
- A systematic review/meta-analysis of xenobiotics in apple products highlights lack of compliance with European Food Safety Authority Regulation - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
EVAPORATED APPLESThe body absorbs apple sugars, fiber, and polyphenols from apple products, and these phenolic compounds are metabolized during digestion according to a peer-reviewed systematic review of apple phenolics. The JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.4 µg/kg body weight for patulin, a fungal contaminant that can occur in apple products.
Processed
The body absorbs apple sugars, fiber, and polyphenols from apple products, and these phenolic compounds are metabolized during digestion according to a peer-reviewed systematic review of apple phenolics. The JECFA set a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.4 µg/kg body weight for patulin, a fungal contaminant that can occur in apple products.
- Evaluation of exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and potential hydrogen cyanide release in commercially available foods among the Korean population. - Europe PMC
- Forensic toxicology perspective on cyanide poisoning originating from natural seeds - Discover Toxicology (Springer Nature)
- CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF PATULIN CONTAMINATION IN APPLE JUICE AND APPLE JUICE INGREDIENTS IN OTHER BEVERAGES - Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO)
- Health Benefits of Apple Juice Consumption: A Review of Interventional Trials on Humans - Nutrients (MDPI) via PMC
GLYCERINGlycerol is metabolized into glucose and glycogen, with the liver handling most of it, and it draws water through cell membranes, which can cause gut irritation and osmotic effects. EFSA set no numerical ADI in its 2017 re-evaluation and derived an acute reference dose of 125 mg/kg body weight in 2026.
Processed
Glycerol is metabolized into glucose and glycogen, with the liver handling most of it, and it draws water through cell membranes, which can cause gut irritation and osmotic effects. EFSA set no numerical ADI in its 2017 re-evaluation and derived an acute reference dose of 125 mg/kg body weight in 2026.
- Glycerol in slush ice drinks can cause undesirable health effects - BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
- Glycerol in food: The health-based guidance value applies not only to slush ice, but also to solid foods - BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
- Safety of acute exposure to the food additive glycerol (E 422) from beverages - EFSA Journal
- Rapid Risk Assessment for Glycerol in Slushed Ice Drink Products - Food Standards Agency
- Glycerol intoxication: slush ice drinks and toxicosurveillance - Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Re-evaluation of glycerol (E 422) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
- Conventional and multi-omics assessments of subacute inhalation toxicity due to propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
NATURAL FLAVORMost flavouring substances are efficiently broken down in the body into metabolites that are more water-soluble and readily excreted, with the liver and kidneys handling conjugated products. JECFA concluded that most individual flavouring agents are efficiently detoxified to innocuous metabolites, and FEMA GRAS re-evaluations of natural flavor complexes containing allylalkoxybenzenes such as safrole and methyleugenol report that intake is below the thresholds of concern set by the FEMA Expert Panel.
Processed
Most flavouring substances are efficiently broken down in the body into metabolites that are more water-soluble and readily excreted, with the liver and kidneys handling conjugated products. JECFA concluded that most individual flavouring agents are efficiently detoxified to innocuous metabolites, and FEMA GRAS re-evaluations of natural flavor complexes containing allylalkoxybenzenes such as safrole and methyleugenol report that intake is below the thresholds of concern set by the FEMA Expert Panel.
- Myristicin and Elemicin: Potentially Toxic Alkenylbenzenes in Food - Foods (MDPI)
- FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. - Europe PMC
- THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF NATURAL FLAVOURING COMPLEXES (JECFA 52, 2004) - JECFA / WHO
- Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour - NPJ Science of Food
- Foods and food supplements containing soy: health aspects - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
PECTINPectin is a fiber the body does not digest with its own enzymes, so gut bacteria ferment it into short-chain fatty acids in the colon. The EFSA re-evaluated pectin (E 440i) and amidated pectin (E 440ii) as food additives, and the JECFA set a group ADI "not specified" for pectins and amidated pectins.
Processed
Pectin is a fiber the body does not digest with its own enzymes, so gut bacteria ferment it into short-chain fatty acids in the colon. The EFSA re-evaluated pectin (E 440i) and amidated pectin (E 440ii) as food additives, and the JECFA set a group ADI "not specified" for pectins and amidated pectins.
- Pectin in diet: Interactions with the human microbiome, role in gut homeostasis, and nutrient-drug interactions - Carbohydrate Polymers
- systematic review pectin and post-prandial glucose - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- 391. Pectin (amidated) (WHO Food Additives Series 6) - WHO / IPCS
CITRIC ACIDThe body breaks citric acid down through the citric acid cycle, the same energy pathway used for normal metabolism, so it is handled as a normal metabolite in the gut and the rest of the body. The JECFA set the ADI as "not limited" (1973 evaluation), and the EFSA's 2015 opinion on animal feed found the additive safe for consumers at proposed feed conditions.
Processed
The body breaks citric acid down through the citric acid cycle, the same energy pathway used for normal metabolism, so it is handled as a normal metabolite in the gut and the rest of the body. The JECFA set the ADI as "not limited" (1973 evaluation), and the EFSA's 2015 opinion on animal feed found the additive safe for consumers at proposed feed conditions.
CINNAMONCoumarin in cinnamon is absorbed by the body to a similar degree as isolated coumarin, and at high doses it can cause liver enzyme changes and liver injury in sensitive people. The BfR and EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 0.1 mg coumarin per kg of body weight.
Processed
Coumarin in cinnamon is absorbed by the body to a similar degree as isolated coumarin, and at high doses it can cause liver enzyme changes and liver injury in sensitive people. The BfR and EFSA set a tolerable daily intake of 0.1 mg coumarin per kg of body weight.
- High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out - BfR Health Assessment No. 044/2006, 18 August 2006 - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
- FAQ on coumarin in cinnamon and other foods - BfR - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
- Cassia cinnamon with high coumarin contents to be consumed in moderation - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)
- Compléments alimentaires à base de plantes contenant de la coumarine : attention à la surconsommation - ANSES
- Attention au risque d'hépatotoxicité en cas de surconsommation de denrées ou compléments alimentaires à base de cannelle - ANSES (Vigil'Anses)
- Stoned on spices: a mini-review of three commonly abused household spices - Clinical Toxicology
- Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols - Tobacco Control
- Safety of Cinnamon: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Randomized Clinical Trials - Frontiers in Pharmacology
LOCUST BEAN GUMLocust bean gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria in humans. The EFSA set no numerical ADI for it ("not specified"), concluding there is no safety concern for the general population at reported food-additive uses, while JECFA also assigned an ADI "not specified".
Processed
Locust bean gum is practically undigested and not absorbed intact, so it is significantly fermented by gut bacteria in humans. The EFSA set no numerical ADI for it ("not specified"), concluding there is no safety concern for the general population at reported food-additive uses, while JECFA also assigned an ADI "not specified".
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journal
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups - EFSA Journal
- Gastrointestinal Effects and Tolerance of Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption - Advances in Nutrition
- Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journal (PMC)
- CAROB BEAN GUM - WHO JECFA
- Fenugreek Is Superior to Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum and Tara Gum for Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review - Nutrients
ANNATTO EXTRACT and TURMERIC FOR COLORCurcumin is poorly absorbed and mostly leaves the body unchanged, with some conjugated metabolites detected in animal studies, and it may affect liver enzymes at high doses. The EFSA set an ADI of 6 mg bixin/kg bw per day and 0.3 mg norbixin/kg bw per day for annatto, and JECFA set a curcumin ADI of 0–3 mg/kg bw.
Processed
Curcumin is poorly absorbed and mostly leaves the body unchanged, with some conjugated metabolites detected in animal studies, and it may affect liver enzymes at high doses. The EFSA set an ADI of 6 mg bixin/kg bw per day and 0.3 mg norbixin/kg bw per day for annatto, and JECFA set a curcumin ADI of 0–3 mg/kg bw.
- Turmeric - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH NIDDK
- Evaluating the Toxicity and Safety of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Its Components: A Narrative Review - Journal of Toxicology (Wiley)
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review - Phytotherapy Research (Wiley)
- ANNATTO EXTRACTS (JECFA 52, 2004) - inchem.org (JECFA)
CANOLA OILThe body digests its unsaturated triglycerides to supply energy and influence circulating blood lipids and hormone signaling pathways. The EFSA established a tolerable daily intake of 7 mg/kg body weight for erucic acid, and the FDA grants it general recognition of safety.
Processed
The body digests its unsaturated triglycerides to supply energy and influence circulating blood lipids and hormone signaling pathways. The EFSA established a tolerable daily intake of 7 mg/kg body weight for erucic acid, and the FDA grants it general recognition of safety.
- Determination of volatile aldehydes in vegetable oils during high-temperature heating - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- Canola oil and health: a review of the physiological effects of its consumption - Advances in Nutrition
- Ask the Expert: Concerns about canola oil - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- The effects of Canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials - Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Safety Assessment of Plant-Derived Fatty Acid Oils - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
ROLLED OATSBeta-glucan soluble fiber in oats slows postprandial blood glucose rise and increases fecal bulk, and fermentation of oat fiber by gut microbes produces short-chain fatty acids. Health Canada sets a regulatory specification for rolled oats of at least 4 percent beta-glucan soluble fiber on a dry-weight basis, and the Codex Alimentarius sets an ergot limit of 0.05 percent m/m for oats.
Minimally processed
Beta-glucan soluble fiber in oats slows postprandial blood glucose rise and increases fecal bulk, and fermentation of oat fiber by gut microbes produces short-chain fatty acids. Health Canada sets a regulatory specification for rolled oats of at least 4 percent beta-glucan soluble fiber on a dry-weight basis, and the Codex Alimentarius sets an ergot limit of 0.05 percent m/m for oats.
- Systematic Review of the Effects of Oat Intake on Gastrointestinal Health - The Journal of Nutrition (PubMed)
- Effects of oats on gastrointestinal health as assessed by in vitro, animal, and human studies - Nutrition Reviews
- Oat Products and Blood Cholesterol Lowering - Canada.ca - Health Canada
- Beta-glucans from oats and/or barley in a ready-to-eat cereal manufactured via pressure cooking and reduction of blood-glucose rise after consumption: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 - EFSA Journal
- Effects of Oats (Avena sativa L.) on Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Frontiers in Nutrition
- To Be Oats or Not to Be? An Update on the Ongoing Debate on Oats for Patients With Celiac Disease - Frontiers in Pediatrics
- Assessment of health risks from ergot alkaloids in selected cereal products - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
CULTURED UNBLEACHED WHOLE WHEAT FLOURWheat proteins (gliadins) and fiber are the parts the body processes; gliadins can trigger immune and gut-lining reactions in people with celiac disease, while bran fiber affects gut motility and the gut microbiome. The FDA has no ADI for flour, and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) evaluates specific enzymes and additives used in flour rather than flour itself.
Processed
Wheat proteins (gliadins) and fiber are the parts the body processes; gliadins can trigger immune and gut-lining reactions in people with celiac disease, while bran fiber affects gut motility and the gut microbiome. The FDA has no ADI for flour, and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) evaluates specific enzymes and additives used in flour rather than flour itself.
- Celiac sprue: correlation with murine T cell responses to wheat gliadin components. - The Journal of Immunology
- Live probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis bacteria inhibit the toxic effects induced by wheat gliadin in epithelial cell culture - Clinical and Experimental Immunology
- Effect of Cooking Process on the Deoxynivalenol Content and Its Subsequent Cytotoxicity in Wheat Products - Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
- How does flour cause a Salmonella outbreak? - Center for Science in the Public Interest
CARAMEL COLOR [AMMONIA-FREE]Caramel color is a complex mixture of heat-formed compounds that is absorbed in the gut and processed by the body, with its imidazole constituents (4-MEI and THI) being the main toxicologically important parts. The EFSA set a group ADI of 300 mg/kg bw/day for caramel colours, with a stricter 100 mg/kg bw/day for class III, and the FDA reviews 4-MEI exposure from caramel color.
Ultra-processed
Caramel color is a complex mixture of heat-formed compounds that is absorbed in the gut and processed by the body, with its imidazole constituents (4-MEI and THI) being the main toxicologically important parts. The EFSA set a group ADI of 300 mg/kg bw/day for caramel colours, with a stricter 100 mg/kg bw/day for class III, and the FDA reviews 4-MEI exposure from caramel color.
OAT FIBEROat fiber is largely not digested in the small intestine; gut bacteria ferment its soluble portion, which produces gases and short-chain fatty acids, and the insoluble portion adds stool bulk. The FDA accepts oat hull fiber as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) for food uses listed in its GRAS correspondence, and Health Canada lists oat fibers among accepted dietary fibres.
Processed
Oat fiber is largely not digested in the small intestine; gut bacteria ferment its soluble portion, which produces gases and short-chain fatty acids, and the insoluble portion adds stool bulk. The FDA accepts oat hull fiber as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) for food uses listed in its GRAS correspondence, and Health Canada lists oat fibers among accepted dietary fibres.
- Influence of a methanogenic flora on the breath H2 and symptom response to ingestion of sorbitol or oat fiber - PubMed
- Fermentation of oat fiber in the rat intestinal tract: a study of different cellular areas - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- List of Dietary Fibres Reviewed and Accepted by Health Canada's Food Directorate - Canada.ca - Health Canada
- Soluble vs. insoluble fiber: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia - MedlinePlus
- The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 - EFSA Journal
- An encompassing review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the effect of oats on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular risk, diabetes risk, body weight/adiposity and gut health - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
SEA SALTThe body uses sodium and chloride as electrolytes for fluid balance and nerve and muscle function, and excess sodium raises blood pressure. EFSA set a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium and later set an adequate daily dietary reference value of 2 g of sodium per day for adults.
Processed
The body uses sodium and chloride as electrolytes for fluid balance and nerve and muscle function, and excess sodium raises blood pressure. EFSA set a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium and later set an adequate daily dietary reference value of 2 g of sodium per day for adults.
- EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium | EFSA - EFSA
- Updating DRVs: job done, after 10 years and 34 nutrients | EFSA - EFSA
- The World Hypertension League Science of Salt: a regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (Sept 2019 to Dec 2020) - Journal of Human Hypertension
- Effects of sea salt intake on metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota in rats - PLoS ONE
- Microplastics in European sea salts – An example of exposure through consumer choice and of interstudy methodological discrepancies - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Microplastic contamination of salt intended for human consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Discover Applied Sciences
- A Systematic Review of Fatalities Related to Acute Ingestion of Salt. A Need for Warning Labels? - Nutrients
BAKING SODASodium bicarbonate acts as a base that neutralizes stomach acid and helps buffer blood acid-base balance, so excess amounts can push the body toward metabolic alkalosis and shift sodium and potassium levels. The FAO/WHO JECFA set an ADI of "not limited" for sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the EFSA has reviewed its carbonate and bicarbonate salts for bone health claims.
Processed
Sodium bicarbonate acts as a base that neutralizes stomach acid and helps buffer blood acid-base balance, so excess amounts can push the body toward metabolic alkalosis and shift sodium and potassium levels. The FAO/WHO JECFA set an ADI of "not limited" for sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the EFSA has reviewed its carbonate and bicarbonate salts for bone health claims.
- Severe metabolic alkalosis and hypernatremia induced by excessive sodium bicarbonate intake: A case report and literature review - Am J Emerg Med
- Sodium Bicarbonate Toxicity: An Unusual Yet Potential Cause of Severe Metabolic Alkalosis - Cureus
- Metabolic alkalosis-an adverse effect of baking soda misuse: A case report and literature review - Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
- Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy From Acute Baking Soda Ingestion - Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review - European Journal of Sport Science
- Safety Assessment of Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium Carbonate as Used in Cosmetics - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, and ... - Cosmetic Ingredient Review

Sources

Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies - The BMJmeta analysis
Consumption of whole grains and refined grains and associated risk of cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. - Europe PMCmeta analysis
Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food - - 2011 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Guidance for Industry and FDA: Advisory Levels for Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Finished Wheat Products for Human Consumption and Grains and Grain By-Products used for Animal Feed | FDA - U.S. Food and Drug Administrationgovernment agency
Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Foodsmeta analysis
Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review - The BMJmeta analysis
Current WHO recommendation to reduce free sugar intake from all sources to below 10% of daily energy intake for supporting overall health is not well supported by available evidence - American Journal of Clinical Nutritionpeer reviewed study
Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages Consumption Linked to Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies - Nutrientsmeta analysis
Severe phytophotodermatitis from fig sap: a little known phenomenon - PMC - BMJ Case Reportspeer reviewed study
Nutritional value antioxidant strength and antimicrobial efficacy of fig pastes from eastern morocco | Scientific Reports - Scientific Reportspeer reviewed study
Phytochemical Composition and Health Benefits of Figs (Fresh and Dried): A Review of Literature from 2000 to 2022 - PMC - PMCreview article
Arsenic - Food Safety - European Commission - European Commissiongovernment agency
Frequently asked questions on arsenic in rice and rice products - Updated BfR FAQ, 22 December 2020 - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)government agency
Arsenic, organic foods, and brown rice syrup - HERO - EPA - EPA HERO / Environmental Health Perspectivesgovernment agency
The effect of high-fructose corn syrup vs. sucrose on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Frontiers in Nutritionmeta analysis
Effect of Sugar Substitution with Steviol Glycosides on Sensory Quality and Physicochemical Composition of Low-Sugar Apple Preserves - Foods (MDPI) / PMCpeer reviewed study
Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars - - 2022 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA - EFSAgovernment agency
Added and free sugars should be as low as possible | EFSA - EFSAgovernment agency
Are natural sugar alternatives healthier? - Harvard Healthmedical institution
The Effect of Unrefined Sugar on Inflammation: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies - Int J Prev Medreview article
A systematic review of the influence of rice characteristics and processing methods on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses. - British Journal of Nutritionreview article
The Consumption of High-Amylose Rice and its Effect on Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels: A Literature Review - Nutrientsreview article
Starches in Rice: Effects of Rice Variety and Processing/Cooking Methods on Their Glycemic Index - Foodsreview article
Gastrointestinal responses following acute and medium term intake of retrograded resistant maltodextrins, classified as type 3 resistant starch - European Journal of Clinical Nutritionpeer reviewed study
Brown rice compared to white rice slows gastric emptying in humans - European Journal of Clinical Nutritionpeer reviewed study
EWG Skin Deep® | What is ORYZA SATIVA (RICE) STARCH - EWGtoxicology database
A comprehensive analysis of the composition, health benefits, and safety of apple pomace - Nutrition Reviewspeer reviewed study
Evaluation of exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and potential hydrogen cyanide release in commercially available foods among the Korean population. - Europe PMCpeer reviewed study
A systematic review/meta-analysis of xenobiotics in apple products highlights lack of compliance with European Food Safety Authority Regulation - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safetymeta analysis
Forensic toxicology perspective on cyanide poisoning originating from natural seeds - Discover Toxicology (Springer Nature)review article
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF PATULIN CONTAMINATION IN APPLE JUICE AND APPLE JUICE INGREDIENTS IN OTHER BEVERAGES - Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO)government agency
Health Benefits of Apple Juice Consumption: A Review of Interventional Trials on Humans - Nutrients (MDPI) via PMCpeer reviewed study
Glycerol in slush ice drinks can cause undesirable health effects - BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)government agency
Glycerol in food: The health-based guidance value applies not only to slush ice, but also to solid foods - BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)government agency
Safety of acute exposure to the food additive glycerol (E 422) from beverages - EFSA Journalpeer reviewed study
Rapid Risk Assessment for Glycerol in Slushed Ice Drink Products - Food Standards Agencygovernment agency
Glycerol intoxication: slush ice drinks and toxicosurveillance - Archives of Disease in Childhoodpeer reviewed study
Re-evaluation of glycerol (E 422) as a food additive - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Conventional and multi-omics assessments of subacute inhalation toxicity due to propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safetypeer reviewed study
Myristicin and Elemicin: Potentially Toxic Alkenylbenzenes in Food - Foods (MDPI)peer reviewed study
FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. - Europe PMCpeer reviewed study
THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF NATURAL FLAVOURING COMPLEXES (JECFA 52, 2004) - JECFA / WHOgovernment agency
Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour - NPJ Science of Foodpeer reviewed study
Foods and food supplements containing soy: health aspects - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)government agency
Pectin in diet: Interactions with the human microbiome, role in gut homeostasis, and nutrient-drug interactions - Carbohydrate Polymerspeer reviewed study
systematic review pectin and post-prandial glucose - Food Standards Australia New Zealandgovernment agency
391. Pectin (amidated) (WHO Food Additives Series 6) - WHO / IPCSgovernment agency
Food additive mixtures and type 2 diabetes incidence: Results from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort - PLOS Medicinepeer reviewed study
Associations between preservative food additives and type 2 diabetes incidence in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort - Nature Communicationspeer reviewed study
Potential role of the common food additive manufactured citric acid in eliciting significant inflammatory reactions contributing to serious disease states: A series of four case reports - Toxicology Reportspeer reviewed study
High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out - BfR Health Assessment No. 044/2006, 18 August 2006 - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)government agency
FAQ on coumarin in cinnamon and other foods - BfR - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)government agency
Cassia cinnamon with high coumarin contents to be consumed in moderation - BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment)government agency
Compléments alimentaires à base de plantes contenant de la coumarine : attention à la surconsommation - ANSESgovernment agency
Attention au risque d'hépatotoxicité en cas de surconsommation de denrées ou compléments alimentaires à base de cannelle - ANSES (Vigil'Anses)government agency
Stoned on spices: a mini-review of three commonly abused household spices - Clinical Toxicologypeer reviewed study
Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols - Tobacco Controlpeer reviewed study
Safety of Cinnamon: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Randomized Clinical Trials - Frontiers in Pharmacologymeta analysis
Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Gastrointestinal Effects and Tolerance of Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption - Advances in Nutritionreview article
Re-evaluation of locust bean gum (E 410) as a food additive - EFSA Journal (PMC)government agency
CAROB BEAN GUM - WHO JECFAgovernment agency
Fenugreek Is Superior to Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum and Tara Gum for Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review - Nutrientsmeta analysis
Turmeric - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH NIDDKtoxicology database
Evaluating the Toxicity and Safety of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Its Components: A Narrative Review - Journal of Toxicology (Wiley)review article
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review - Phytotherapy Research (Wiley)review article
ANNATTO EXTRACTS (JECFA 52, 2004) - inchem.org (JECFA)government agency
Determination of volatile aldehydes in vegetable oils during high-temperature heating - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistrypeer reviewed study
Canola oil and health: a review of the physiological effects of its consumption - Advances in Nutritionreview article
Ask the Expert: Concerns about canola oil - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Healthreview article
The effects of Canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials - Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseasesmeta analysis
Safety Assessment of Plant-Derived Fatty Acid Oils - Cosmetic Ingredient Reviewcosmetics safety body
Systematic Review of the Effects of Oat Intake on Gastrointestinal Health - The Journal of Nutrition (PubMed)peer reviewed study
Effects of oats on gastrointestinal health as assessed by in vitro, animal, and human studies - Nutrition Reviewsreview article
Oat Products and Blood Cholesterol Lowering - Canada.ca - Health Canadagovernment agency
Beta-glucans from oats and/or barley in a ready-to-eat cereal manufactured via pressure cooking and reduction of blood-glucose rise after consumption: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
Effects of Oats (Avena sativa L.) on Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Frontiers in Nutritionmeta analysis
To Be Oats or Not to Be? An Update on the Ongoing Debate on Oats for Patients With Celiac Disease - Frontiers in Pediatricsreview article
Assessment of health risks from ergot alkaloids in selected cereal products - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)government agency
Celiac sprue: correlation with murine T cell responses to wheat gliadin components. - The Journal of Immunologypeer reviewed study
Live probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis bacteria inhibit the toxic effects induced by wheat gliadin in epithelial cell culture - Clinical and Experimental Immunologypeer reviewed study
Effect of Cooking Process on the Deoxynivalenol Content and Its Subsequent Cytotoxicity in Wheat Products - Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistrypeer reviewed study
How does flour cause a Salmonella outbreak? - Center for Science in the Public Interesttoxicology database
Food Coloring Additives and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort - PubMed - PubMedpeer reviewed study
Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a,b,c,d) as food additives - - 2011 - EFSA Journal - Wiley Online Library - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
EFSA reviews safety of caramel colours | EFSA - EFSAgovernment agency
Immunotoxicity of the colour additive caramel colour III; a review on complicated issues in the safety evaluation of a food additive - PubMedreview article
Full article: An updated U.S. population dietary exposure assessment for 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) from foods containing colour and from formation of 4-MEI through thermal treatment of foods - Food Additives & Contaminantspeer reviewed study
EWG's Food Scores | Ingredient: CARAMEL (COLOR) - EWGtoxicology database
Influence of a methanogenic flora on the breath H2 and symptom response to ingestion of sorbitol or oat fiber - PubMedpeer reviewed study
Fermentation of oat fiber in the rat intestinal tract: a study of different cellular areas - American Journal of Clinical Nutritionpeer reviewed study
List of Dietary Fibres Reviewed and Accepted by Health Canada's Food Directorate - Canada.ca - Health Canadagovernment agency
Soluble vs. insoluble fiber: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia - MedlinePlusmedical institution
The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis - European Journal of Clinical Nutritionmeta analysis
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 - EFSA Journalgovernment agency
An encompassing review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the effect of oats on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular risk, diabetes risk, body weight/adiposity and gut health - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritionreview article
EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium | EFSA - EFSAgovernment agency
Updating DRVs: job done, after 10 years and 34 nutrients | EFSA - EFSAgovernment agency
The World Hypertension League Science of Salt: a regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (Sept 2019 to Dec 2020) - Journal of Human Hypertensionreview article
Effects of sea salt intake on metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota in rats - PLoS ONEpeer reviewed study
Microplastics in European sea salts – An example of exposure through consumer choice and of interstudy methodological discrepancies - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safetypeer reviewed study
Microplastic contamination of salt intended for human consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Discover Applied Sciencesmeta analysis
A Systematic Review of Fatalities Related to Acute Ingestion of Salt. A Need for Warning Labels? - Nutrientsmeta analysis
Severe metabolic alkalosis and hypernatremia induced by excessive sodium bicarbonate intake: A case report and literature review - Am J Emerg Medpeer reviewed study
Sodium Bicarbonate Toxicity: An Unusual Yet Potential Cause of Severe Metabolic Alkalosis - Cureuspeer reviewed study
Metabolic alkalosis-an adverse effect of baking soda misuse: A case report and literature review - Experimental and Therapeutic Medicinepeer reviewed study
Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy From Acute Baking Soda Ingestion - Western Journal of Emergency Medicinepeer reviewed study
Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review - European Journal of Sport Sciencemeta analysis
Safety Assessment of Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium Carbonate as Used in Cosmetics - Cosmetic Ingredient Reviewcosmetics safety body
Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, and ... - Cosmetic Ingredient Reviewcosmetics safety body

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